Химия

in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions

in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses

in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation

in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system

in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds

in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him

for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation

for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances

in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction

in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds

in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element

for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry

for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years

in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry

in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements

for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll

for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements

in recognition of his work in thermochemistry

for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes

for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule

for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances

for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry

for his work on disperse systems

for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances

for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins

for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes

for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes

for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin

in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods

in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods

for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry

for his discovery of heavy hydrogen

in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements

in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements

for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases

for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C

for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2

for his work on carotenoids and vitamins

for his work on sex hormones

for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes

for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes

for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei

for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method

for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized

for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form

for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form

for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids

for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins

for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures

for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis

for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis

for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements

for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements

for their invention of partition chromatography

for their invention of partition chromatography

for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry

for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances

for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone

for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions

for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions

for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes

for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin

for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis

for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science

for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants

for their studies of the structures of globular proteins

for their studies of the structures of globular proteins

for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers

for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers

for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances

for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis

for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method

for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy

for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes

for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry

for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry

for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates

for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals

for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation

for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule

for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule

for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds

for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds

for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules

for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions

for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding

for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures

for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory

for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis

for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis

for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA

for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids

for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions

for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions

for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes

for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes

for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix

for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures

for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity

for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre

for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA

for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA

for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis

for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems

for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method

for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies

for his contribution to carbocation chemistry

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone

for their discovery of fullerenes

for their discovery of fullerenes

for their discovery of fullerenes

for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase

for his development of the density-functional theory

for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry

for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

for the discovery and development of conductive polymers

for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions

for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions

for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions

for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules

for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules

for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution

for the discovery of water channels

for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription

for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis

for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis

for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis

for the discovery of quasicrystals

for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors

for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

for mechanistic studies of DNA repair

for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

for the design and synthesis of molecular machines

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

for the directed evolution of enzymes

for the phage display of peptides and antibodies

for the phage display of peptides and antibodies

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

for the development of lithium-ion batteries

for the development of a method for genome editing

for the development of a method for genome editing

for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis

for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis

for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry

for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry

for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry

for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots

for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots

for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots

for computational protein design

for protein structure prediction

for protein structure prediction

for the development of metal–organic frameworks

for the development of metal–organic frameworks

for the development of metal–organic frameworks

for the discovery of non-linear effects and autocatalysis in asymmetric organic synthesis

for the discovery of non-linear effects and autocatalysis in asymmetric organic synthesis