1991

for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers

for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells

for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells

who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity

for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights

for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy